On this page you can find various reports and articles relevant for the project.
Full reports
This deliverable reports on the requirements and status on the updates of the ISO 28005 and IEC 61162 standards that have been developed and updated during the AEGIS project. This work has been done through organizations as IMO, ISO, IEC and IALA to ensure that the data models for operational interoperability between autonomous ships and ports are standardized through well-established organizations with support from a large part of the shipping industry. A core development in this work is the IMO Reference Model which was first approved by IMO in the Facilitation committee (FAL) in 2019. The IMO Reference Model and IMO Data Set (also called the IMO Compendium) initially covered the reporting requirements from the IMO FAL Convention. It was later extended to cover operational data exchanges beyond this scope. In parallel to the development of the IMO Compendium, the ISO 28005 series of standards has been updated with new protocols and data types to cover the data sets in the IMO Reference Model and IMO Data Set. Also, the IEC 61162 series of standards for onboard communication is in continuous development to handle the increased requirements put on the onboard networks regarding capacity and cyber security.
This report presents the AEGIS roadmap for automated waterborne transport and is the result of the work related to Task 2.5 Roadmap for waterborne logistics redesign as defined in the AEGIS Grant Agreement. The task was to collect the results of the AEGIS work package 2 and 6, and the AEGIS use cases, to provide a publicly available roadmap for redesign of more sustainable waterborne transport. Furthermore, the main AEGIS solutions that can be used to realise the redesign was to be identified and benefits and possible costs were to be described, exemplified by future transport systems, including intercontinental transport. Furthermore, the focus was to be on unitized cargo (i.e., containers and ro-ro trailers).
This report extracts the key lessons in designing green and innovative terminals in Small and Mediumsized Enterprise (SME) ports. It focuses on the primary findings and outcomes of AEGIS Work Package 10: "Case C - Revitalizing regional ports and city centre terminals." The aim of the study was to explore how green and innovative terminals could be designed in SME ports, with a particular emphasis on two Danish ports: the Port of Vordingborg and the Port of Aalborg.
"Public Recommendations for Inland Transport in Northern Europe" serves as a comprehensive guide, providing practical insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders striving for a sustainable and efficient inland waterway transport (IWT) system. Specifically focusing on the objectives of the AEGIS project's Use Case B, led by DFDS, supported by Aalborg University (AAU) and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), the report underscores the crucial need to optimize transportation activities within the European waterborne transport sector.
This report provides public recommendations for waterborne transport to West Coast of Norway, with the focus on the specified transport system in use case A in the AEGIS project.
This report's objective is to identify “win-win” solutions by considering the whole sustainability aspects that provide the most significant overall benefits while minimizing costs. A “win-win” solution is one that is acceptable in terms of most of the KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) that have been used in the CBA.
This document reports the seminar on “Intermodal Autonomous Green terminal in medium ports”, which was held on April 18th, 2023, in Aalborg, Denmark. The seminar in Aalborg was attended by 60 participants including 16 from the AEGIS consortium and summarized the general findings from the AEGIS logistical system and those related directly to WP10 and the Port of Aalborg use case. The seminar was organised under the following Agenda:
- Port of Aalborg: Presentation of the results on cargo-volumes with emphasis on Port of Aalborg.
- SINTEF Ocean: Introduction to the more general findings regarding the AEGIS logistical system.
- AAU: Presentation Presentation of the regulatory challenges for Short Sea Shipping in Denmark and around the Limfjord.
- ISE: Presentation of vessel designs that are applicable to the Aalborg Case
- Kalmar: Presentation of the concept of an automatic Green Intermodal Container terminal with interface to Rail and Ro-ro in Port of Aalborg.
- DFDS, NCL and SINTEF: Short Q&A “How do we make it happen” – Moderated by Port of Aalborg.
It should be noted that this report only summarizes the seminar in Aalborg. Therefore, more specific details concerning the presented findings and material should be found in the public deliverables, which can be found the on the project webpage: https://aegis.autonomous-ship.org/
This document reports the seminar on “Multipurpose terminals in small ports” which was held on April 19th, 2023, in Vordingborg, Denmark.
The seminar was attended by 12 participants and summarized the general findings from the AEGIS logistical system and those related directly to WP10 and the Port of Vordingborg use case. The seminar was organised under the following agenda:
- ISE: Presentation of vessel designs that are applicable to the Vordingborg Case
- Port of Vordingborg: Presentation Port of Vordingborg, introduction to interactive session.
- Port of Vordingborg: Guided tour on the Port of Vordingborg including the AEGIS pier
It should be noted that this report only summarizes the seminar in Vordingborg. Therefore, more specific details concerning the presented findings and material should be found in the public deliverables, which can be found the at the project webpage: https://aegis.autonomous-ship.org/
This report is part of the cost benefit analysis work package in AEGIS and serves the social part of the analysis, where the two others are economic and environmental. All the three AEGIS use cases are covered in this report. The main objectives of Work Package 7 (Cost benefit analysis) in AEGIS are to:
- Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to do a quantitative Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
- Perform analyses of economic, environmental, and social effects of AEGIS proposals
- Combine to overall CBA, covering all three factors, and compare it with today’s solutions
- Identify “win-win” solutions that give the best overall benefits at the lowest possible cost
The win-win solutions report will soon be published.
This report is part of the cost benefit analysis work package in AEGIS and serves the environmental part of the analysis, where the two others are economic and social. All the three AEGIS use cases are covered in this report. The main objectives of Work Package 7 (Cost benefit analysis) in AEGIS are to:
- Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to do a quantitative Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
- Perform analyses of economic, environmental, and social effects of AEGIS proposals
- Combine to overall CBA, covering all three factors, and compare it with today’s solutions
- Identify “win-win” solutions that give the best overall benefits at the lowest possible cost
The win-win solutions report will soon be published.
Executive summaries of confidential reports
Papers and articles
Conference paper presented on ÌCMASS 2023 evaluating cost and logistic KPIs for the autonomous ships designed for use case A in AEGIS.
Conference paper published in cooperation between AUTOSHIP and AEGIS: A Critisicm of Proposed Levels of Autonomy for MASS, which was presented at the ESREL Conference in Southampton, September 2023.
The paper argues that autonomy must mean that the operator can trust the automation to do its assigned job and, hence, that no attention from the operator is needed during autonomous operation. The control responsibility is shared between operator and automation, where only one is in control at any given time. This, however, also requires that the automation, when in control, have sufficient situational awareness to alert the operator early enough to let the operator assess the situation and safely take over the controls. Thus, there are no degrees of autonomy: Autonomy should be seen as a binary property, either it is there, or it is not.
The European maritime transport policy recognizes the importance of the waterborne transport systems as key elements for sustainable growth in Europe. A major goal is to transfer more than 50% of road transport to rail or waterways within 2050. To meet this challenge waterway transport needs to get more attractive and overcome its disadvantages. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new knowledge and technology and find a completely new approach to short sea and inland waterways shipping. A key element in this is automation of ships, ports and administrative tasks aligned to requirements of different European regions. One main goal in the AEGIS project is to increase the efficiency of the waterways transport with the use of higher degrees of automation corresponding with new and smaller ship types to reduce costs and secure higher frequency by feeders and provide multimodal green logistics solutions combining short sea shipping with rail and road transport.
This paper gives a summary of previously published papers on the definition of autonomy for ships, how this relates to different crewing regimes, and the terminology to be used. A conclusion is that autonomy should be retained as a descriptive term, but that we should distinguish between “full autonomy” and “constrained autonomy”, where the latter is the more relevant term for ships today. The proposed classification of autonomy is related to both degree of automation and degree of human control and will be presented as a matrix with generic classes of autonomy. This matrix is also transformed to a set of more practically useful levels of autonomy based on likely organization of crew on land or on the ship. The paper has mainly been written based on our work with maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) but is also applicable to other types of surface vessels, e.g. inland waterway vessels.
The European maritime transport policy recognizes the importance of the waterborne transport systems as key elements for sustainable growth in Europe. A major goal is to transfer more than 50% of road transport to rail or waterways within 2050. However, waterways are at a disadvantage as they normally depend on transhipment and land transport to and from final destination. To meet this challenge we need a completely new approach to short sea and inland waterways shipping in Europe. This needs to include ships as well as ports and the digital information exchanges between them. A key element in this is automation of ships, ports and administrative tasks. The AEGIS project has been funded by the EU Commission to develop new knowledge and technology to address this challenge.
The concept of autonomous mobile robots (AMR) has gained much popularity in recent years, particularly in commercial settings where the name industrial autonomous mobile robot (IAMR) is proposed. In addition to automatic guided vehicles and automated mining trucks, IAMR also includes autonomous merchant ships. AMR is an old concept which was first introduced in the 1980s. Although the concept of AMRs is old and broadly used, there is still no common definition of autonomy when mobile robots are concerned. This paper will review some of the most known definitions and develop a taxonomy for autonomy in mobile autonomous robots. This will be used to compare the different definitions of robotic autonomy. This paper will mainly look at industrial autonomous mobile robots, i.e. systems that are designed to operate with a clear commercial objective in mind and which are normally supported by a remote control centre. This means that the robot is not fully autonomous, but to varying degrees dependent on humans in some control and monitoring functions.
The Concept of Operations, or ConOps, has become a central document for the specification, design and approval of autonomous ship systems and operations in the absence of prescriptive rules and regulations. The flexible structure of the ConOps and the fact that it is written in prose text makes it very accessible for all involved stakeholders, but also prone to discrepancies between the descriptions and the actual design. This paper proposes a description framework, for autonomous ship systems and operations, that covers the information items requested through the ConOps. The proposed framework has the potential to facilitate development of a formalized ConOps, which in turn could lead to a standardization of the current approval procedures for autonomous ship systems and operations.
In a previous paper we have suggested that the transferal of human accountability from an on-site human actor (such as the captain) to a remote human actor (such as the creator of the autonomous control system) could be regarded as the defining characteristic of autonomous systems. In this paper we take this approach one step further, by suggesting a methodology for how accountability can be used as a basis for systems design of autonomous and remote-controlled operations. Furthermore, the suggested methodology is applied on a hypothetical case of a vessel supporting both autonomous and remote-controlled operation.
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Presentations
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